ADIPOQ
GeneName
ADIPOQ
Summary
ADIPOQ, also known as adiponectin or APM1, is a 26 kDa secreted protein that is primarily produced by adipocytes and plays a crucial role in regulating glucose levels as well as fatty acid breakdown. It is localised to the extracellular region and is involved in various signalling pathways, including those activated by insulin and cAMP. ADIPOQ functions as a cytokine and hormone, exhibiting activities such as protein homodimerization and receptor binding. It is implicated in processes such as brown fat cell differentiation, glucose homeostasis, and the cellular response to various stimuli, including epinephrine and oxidative stress.
Importance
ADIPOQ is relevant to: - Metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, due to its role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism - Cardiovascular health, as it influences low-density lipoprotein clearance and has anti-inflammatory properties - The understanding of adipose tissue biology and its impact on systemic metabolism - Potential therapeutic targets in metabolic syndrome and related conditions, given its involvement in various signalling pathways and regulatory processes.
Top Products
For researchers investigating ADIPOQ, we recommend two primary antibodies that stand out for their performance and reliability. The first is the well-cited Anti-Adiponectin antibody [19F1] (ab22554), a monoclonal antibody that has garnered 120 citations, reflecting its strong reputation in the field. This antibody is particularly effective for Western blotting (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunocytochemistry (ICC), making it a versatile choice for various experimental needs.In addition, we offer the recombinant antibody, Anti-Adiponectin antibody [EPR3217] (ab75989). This product has been validated for use in WB and IHC, providing researchers with the batch-to-batch consistency that recombinant antibodies are known for. With 7 citations, it is gaining traction among scientists studying ADIPOQ. Together, these antibodies provide robust options for your research into adiponectin and its role in metabolic processes. The Anti-Adiponectin antibody ELISA Kit (ab62551), supported by 16 citations, is an excellent option for researchers looking to accurately measure adiponectin levels in their samples.
Abcam Product Citation Summary
The data indicates a significant focus on the role of ADIPOQ in various biological contexts, particularly in mouse models and human tissues. Studies often utilise Western blotting to investigate the effects of different treatments, such as atorvastatin and maternal obesity, on adiponectin levels. Additionally, there is interest in the implications of ADIPOQ in metabolic conditions and adipocyte differentiation.
Abcam Product Citation Table
Domain
The C1q domain is commonly called the globular domain.
Function
Important adipokine involved in the control of fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity, with direct anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Stimulates AMPK phosphorylation and activation in the liver and the skeletal muscle, enhancing glucose utilization and fatty-acid combustion. Antagonizes TNF-alpha by negatively regulating its expression in various tissues such as liver and macrophages, and also by counteracting its effects. Inhibits endothelial NF-kappa-B signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. May play a role in cell growth, angiogenesis and tissue remodeling by binding and sequestering various growth factors with distinct binding affinities, depending on the type of complex, LMW, MMW or HMW.
Involvement in disease
Adiponectin deficiency
ADPOD
An autosomal dominant condition characterized by very low concentrations of plasma adiponectin. Levels of adiponectin are decreased in obesity and may contribute to a chronic state of inflammation that leads to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and kidney disease.
None
The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Post-translational modifications
HMW complexes are more extensively glycosylated than smaller oligomers. Hydroxylation and glycosylation of the lysine residues within the collagen-like domain of adiponectin seem to be critically involved in regulating the formation and/or secretion of HMW complexes and consequently contribute to the insulin-sensitizing activity of adiponectin in hepatocytes.
O-glycosylated. Not N-glycosylated. O-linked glycans on hydroxylysines consist of Glc-Gal disaccharides bound to the oxygen atom of post-translationally added hydroxyl groups. Sialylated to varying degrees depending on tissue. Thr-22 appears to be the major site of sialylation. Higher sialylation found in SGBS adipocytes than in HEK fibroblasts. Sialylation is not required neither for heterodimerization nor for secretion. Not sialylated on the glycosylated hydroxylysines. Desialylated forms are rapidly cleared from the circulation.
Succination of Cys-36 by the Krebs cycle intermediate fumarate, which leads to S-(2-succinyl)cysteine residues, inhibits polymerization and secretion of adiponectin. Adiponectin is a major target for succination in both adipocytes and adipose tissue of diabetic mammals. It was proposed that succination of proteins is a biomarker of mitochondrial stress and accumulation of Krebs cycle intermediates in adipose tissue in diabetes and that succination of adiponectin may contribute to the decrease in plasma adiponectin in diabetes.
Tissue Specificity
Synthesized exclusively by adipocytes and secreted into plasma.
Cellular localization
- Secreted
Alternative names
ACDC, ACRP30, APM1, GBP28, ADIPOQ, Adiponectin, 30 kDa adipocyte complement-related protein, Adipocyte complement-related 30 kDa protein, Adipose most abundant gene transcript 1 protein, Gelatin-binding protein, apM-1