アブカムでは最適な動作のために Google Chrome など最新ブラウザでの閲覧を推奨します。

Hello. We're improving abcam.com and we'd welcome your feedback.

Hello. We're improving abcam.com and we'd welcome your feedback.

Infomation icon

We haven't added this to the BETA yet

New BETA website

New BETA website

Hello. We're improving abcam.com and we'd welcome your feedback.

Take a look at our BETA site and see what we’ve done so far.

Switch on our new BETA site

Now available

Search and browse selected products

  • A selection of primary antibodies

Purchase these through your usual distributor

In the coming months

  • Additional product types
  • Supporting content
  • Sign in to your account
  • Purchase online
お問い合わせは電話 03-4571-1344 または メールでどうぞ

  • アカウント
  • ログアウト
ログイン または 新規登録

Welcome

ログイン または

すでにアカウントをお持ちですか?

新規登録
カート
クイック・オーダー
Abcam homepage

  • 研究用製品
    製品タイプ別
    一次抗体
    二次抗体
    イムノアッセイキット・試薬
    細胞・組織イメージング
    細胞・バイオケミカルアッセイ
    製品タイプ別
    タンパク質・ペプチド
    プロテオミクス
    アゴニスト・アクチベータ-・アンタゴニスト・インヒビター
    細胞株・ライゼート
    マルチプレックス・アッセイ
    研究分野別
    癌
    循環器系
    細胞生物学
    エピジェネティクス
    メタボリズム
    発生生物学
    研究分野別
    免疫学
    微生物学
    脳神経科学
    シグナル伝達
    ステムセル
  • カスタム製品 & パートナーシップ
    カスタム製品 & パートナーシップ

    診断や治療プログラムを加速するための、カスタム製品および商業化に向けたパートナーシップ

    カスタム製品

    私たちとパートナーになる

  • サポート
    サポートハブ

    研究のためのサポートとアドバイス

    サポートハブを表示

    プロトコール

    実験のステップごとの詳細

    プロトコールを表示

  • イベント
    • イベント・カレンダー
    • 癌
    • 循環器
    • エピジェネティクス&核内情報
    • 免疫学
    • ニューロサイエンス
    • ステムセル
    • 展示会
    • ウェビナー
    最新のイベント情報

    世界中でアブカムが主催する研究会やセミナーの日程、内容、演者など

    イベント・カレンダー

  • パスウェイ
    細胞シグナル伝達パスウェイ

    すべてのパスウェイを見る

    インタラクティブ・パスウェイを見る

  1. Link

    products/primary-antibodies/trpm8-antibody-ab3243.pdf

  1. Send me a copy of this email
    I agree to the terms and conditions.
Signal Transduction Metabolism Plasma Membrane Channels
Share by email

Anti-TRPM8 抗体 (ab3243)

  • Datasheet
  • SDS
Reviews (5)Q&A (15)References (33)

Product price, shipping and contact information

Currently unavailable

申し訳ございませんが、現在表示できません。

こちらにお問い合わせいただくか、またはしばらく経ってから改めてお試しください

 

Loading size & price…

 

出荷および受注について

Shipping info

Promotion Information

Abpromise

保証された製品品質、優れたカスタマー・サポート。 詳細はこちら。

Western blot - Anti-TRPM8 antibody (ab3243)
  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-TRPM8 antibody (ab3243)
  • Western blot - Anti-TRPM8 antibody (ab3243)

Key features and details

  • Rabbit polyclonal to TRPM8
  • Suitable for: WB, IHC-P
  • Reacts with: Human, African green monkey
  • Isotype: IgG

こちらの製品もご検討ください

二次抗体
Product image
Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (ab205718)
アッセイ
Product image
Fluo-4 Assay Kit (Calcium) (ab228555)
一次抗体
Product image
Anti-TRPA1/TSA antibody (ab62053)

関連製品

製品の概要

  • 製品名

    Anti-TRPM8 antibody
    TRPM8 一次抗体 製品一覧
  • 製品の詳細

    Rabbit polyclonal to TRPM8
  • 由来種

    Rabbit
  • 特異性

    Reacts with residues 278-292 and the C terminus sequence of the human trpm8 protein.
  • アプリケーション

    適用あり: WB, IHC-Pmore details
  • 種交差性

    交差種: Human, African green monkey
  • 免疫原

    Synthetic peptide corresponding to Human TRPM8.

    Run BLAST with BLAST the sequence with ExPASy Run BLAST with BLAST the sequence with NCBI
  • 特記事項

    The Life Science industry has been in the grips of a reproducibility crisis for a number of years. Abcam is leading the way in addressing this with our range of recombinant monoclonal antibodies and knockout edited cell lines for gold-standard validation. Please check that this product meets your needs before purchasing.

    If you have any questions, special requirements or concerns, please send us an inquiry and/or contact our Support team ahead of purchase. Recommended alternatives for this product can be found below, along with publications, customer reviews and Q&As

製品の特性

  • 製品の状態

    Liquid
  • 保存方法

    Shipped at 4°C. Store at +4°C short term (1-2 weeks). Upon delivery aliquot. Store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid freeze / thaw cycle.
  • バッファー

    Preservative: 0.02% Sodium azide
    Constituent: PBS
  • Concentration information loading...
  • 精製度

    Affinity purified
  • 特記事項(精製)

    Immunogen affinity purified.
  • ポリ/モノ

    ポリクローナル
  • アイソタイプ

    IgG
  • 研究分野

    • Signal Transduction
    • Metabolism
    • Plasma Membrane
    • Channels
    • Neuroscience
    • Sensory System
    • Somatosensory system
    • Nociception
    • Metabolism
    • Types of disease
    • Cancer
    • Neuroscience
    • Processes

関連製品

  • Compatible Secondaries

    • Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) (ab150077)
    • Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (ab205718)
  • Isotype control

    • Rabbit IgG, polyclonal - Isotype Control (ChIP Grade) (ab171870)

アプリケーション

The Abpromise guarantee

Abpromise保証は、 次のテスト済みアプリケーションにおけるab3243の使用に適用されます

アプリケーションノートには、推奨の開始希釈率がありますが、適切な希釈率につきましてはご検討ください。

アプリケーション Abreviews 特記事項
WB (1)
Use at an assay dependent concentration. Predicted molecular weight: 127 kDa.
IHC-P
1/10 - 1/2000.
特記事項
WB
Use at an assay dependent concentration. Predicted molecular weight: 127 kDa.
IHC-P
1/10 - 1/2000.

ターゲット情報

  • 機能

    Receptor-activated non-selective cation channel involved in detection of sensations such as coolness, by being activated by cold temperature below 25 degrees Celsius. Activated by icilin, eucalyptol, menthol, cold and modulation of intracellular pH. Involved in menthol sensation. Permeable for monovalent cations sodium, potassium, and cesium and divalent cation calcium. Temperature sensing is tightly linked to voltage-dependent gating. Activated upon depolarization, changes in temperature resulting in graded shifts of its voltage-dependent activation curves. The chemical agonists menthol functions as a gating modifier, shifting activation curves towards physiological membrane potentials. Temperature sensitivity arises from a tenfold difference in the activation energies associated with voltage-dependent opening and closing.
  • 組織特異性

    Expressed in prostate. Also expressed in most in prostate tumors. Also expressed in non-prostatic primary tumors such as colon, lung, breast and skin tumors.
  • 配列類似性

    Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. LTrpC subfamily. TRPM8 sub-subfamily.
  • 細胞内局在

    Membrane.
  • Target information above from: UniProt accession Q7Z2W7 The UniProt Consortium
    The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) in 2010
    Nucleic Acids Res. 38:D142-D148 (2010) .

    Information by UniProt
  • 参照データベース

    • Entrez Gene: 79054 Human
    • Omim: 606678 Human
    • SwissProt: Q7Z2W7 Human
    • Unigene: 366053 Human
    • 別名

      • Long transient receptor potential channel 6 antibody
      • LTrpC-6 antibody
      • LTrpC6 antibody
      • MGC2849 antibody
      • Short form of the TRPM8 cationic channel antibody
      • Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 antibody
      • Transient receptor potential p8 antibody
      • transient receptor potential-p8 antibody
      • Trp p8 antibody
      • Trp-p8 antibody
      • Trpm8 antibody
      • TRPM8_HUMAN antibody
      • TRPP8 antibody
      see all

    画像

    • Western blot - Anti-TRPM8 antibody (ab3243)
      Western blot - Anti-TRPM8 antibody (ab3243)
      Anti-TRPM8 antibody (ab3243) at 1/750 dilution + TRPM8 transfected Cos7 cell lysate

      Predicted band size: 127 kDa

    • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-TRPM8 antibody (ab3243)
      Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-TRPM8 antibody (ab3243)

      ab3243  staining TRPM8 in human prostate cancer tissue section by Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA fixed paraffin-embedded sections).

    • Western blot - Anti-TRPM8 antibody (ab3243)
      Western blot - Anti-TRPM8 antibody (ab3243)Image courtesy of an anonymous AbReview
      All lanes : Anti-TRPM8 antibody (ab3243) at 1000 cells

      Lane 1 : Human liver tissue lysate
      Lane 2 : Human hepatocyte lysate

      Lysates/proteins at 20 µg per lane.

      Secondary
      All lanes : Goat Anti-Rabbit HRP at 1/1000 dilution

      Predicted band size: 127 kDa

      See Abreview

    プロトコール

    • Immunohistochemistry protocols

    Click here to view the general protocols

    データシートおよび資料

    • SDS download

    • Datasheet download

      Download

    参考文献 (33)

    ab3243 を使用した論文を発表された方は、こちらまでお知らせください。データシートに掲載させていただきます。

    ab3243 は 33 報の論文で使用されています。

    • Liu JJ  et al. Upregulation of TRPM8 can promote the colon cancer liver metastasis through mediating Akt/GSK-3 signal pathway. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 69:230-239 (2022). PubMed: 33432591
    • Genovesi S  et al. Trpm8 Expression in Human and Mouse Castration Resistant Prostate Adenocarcinoma Paves the Way for the Preclinical Development of TRPM8-Based Targeted Therapies. Biomolecules 12:N/A (2022). PubMed: 35204694
    • Liu Y  et al. AMTB, a TRPM8 antagonist, suppresses growth and metastasis of osteosarcoma through repressing the TGFβ signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 13:288 (2022). PubMed: 35361751
    • Zalles M  et al. ELTD1 as a multi-focal target for malignant gliomas: preclinical studies. Neurooncol Adv 3:vdab132 (2021). PubMed: 34704036
    • Gao Y  et al. Saponins from Panax japonicus ameliorate age-related renal fibrosis by inhibition of inflammation mediated by NF-?B and TGF-ß1/Smad signaling and suppression of oxidative stress via activation of Nrf2-ARE signaling. J Ginseng Res 45:408-419 (2021). PubMed: 34025134
    View all Publications for this product

    レビューと Q&A

    Show All レビュー Q&A
    レビューを送る 質問を送る

    1-10 of 20 Abreviews or Q&A

    Flow Cytometry abreview for Anti-TRPM8 antibody

    Poor
    Abreviews
    Abreviews
    abreview image
    Application
    Flow Cytometry
    Sample
    Human Cell (DU145)
    Permeabilization
    Yes - Leukoperm B (Bio-Rad)
    Gating Strategy
    Live cells using FSC/SSC
    Specification
    DU145
    Preparation
    Cell harvesting/tissue preparation method: Cells were harvested using TrypLE express enzyme and washed into FACS buffer (Ca2+ and Mg2+ -free PBS containing 2% FBS, 0.02% NaN3 and 1mM EDTA). Cells were fixed and then incubated in permeabilisation buffer containing Human TruStain FcX (Biolegend) before addition of the primary antibody.
    Sample buffer: Ca2+ and Mg2+ -free PBS containing 2% FBS, 0.02% NaN3 and 1mM EDTA
    Fixation
    Leukoperm A (Bio-Rad)
    Read More
    The reviewer received a reward from Abcam’s Loyalty Program in thanks for submitting this Abreview and for helping the scientific community make better-informed decisions.

    Abcam user community

    Verified customer

    投稿 Feb 04 2020

    Western blot abreview for Anti-TRPM8 antibody

    Good
    Abreviews
    Abreviews
    abreview image
    Application
    Western blot
    Sample
    Human Cell lysate - whole cell (human hepatocytes)
    Gel Running Conditions
    Reduced Denaturing
    Loading amount
    20 µg
    Specification
    human hepatocytes
    Blocking step
    BSA as blocking agent for 1 hour(s) and 0 minute(s) · Concentration: 5% · Temperature: 23°C
    Read More
    The reviewer received a reward from Abcam’s Loyalty Program in thanks for submitting this Abreview and for helping the scientific community make better-informed decisions.

    Abcam user community

    Verified customer

    投稿 May 29 2017

    Immunoprecipitation abreview for Anti-TRPM8 antibody

    Excellent
    Abreviews
    Abreviews
    abreview image
    Application
    Immunoprecipitation
    Immuno-precipitation step
    Protein A
    Sample
    Human Cell lysate - whole cell (Hek cells transfected with human TRPM8)
    Specification
    Hek cells transfected with human TRPM8
    Total protein in input
    800 µg
    Read More
    The reviewer received a reward from Abcam’s Loyalty Program in thanks for submitting this Abreview and for helping the scientific community make better-informed decisions.

    MISS. Larisa Maier

    Verified customer

    投稿 Sep 17 2013

    Immunohistochemistry (Frozen sections) abreview for Anti-TRPM8 antibody

    Excellent
    Abreviews
    Abreviews
    abreview image
    Application
    Immunohistochemistry (Frozen sections)
    Sample
    Mouse Tissue sections (skin, HR-1)
    Specification
    skin, HR-1
    Fixative
    Methanol
    Permeabilization
    Yes - 0.4% TritonX100
    Blocking step
    Serum as blocking agent for 30 minute(s) · Concentration: 10% · Temperature: 25°C
    Read More
    The reviewer received a reward from Abcam’s Loyalty Program in thanks for submitting this Abreview and for helping the scientific community make better-informed decisions.

    Abcam user community

    Verified customer

    投稿 Sep 20 2011

    Immunohistochemistry (Frozen sections) abreview for Anti-TRPM8 antibody

    Good
    Abreviews
    Abreviews
    Application
    Immunohistochemistry (Frozen sections)
    Sample
    Human Tissue sections (prostate cancer)
    Specification
    prostate cancer
    Blocking step
    Other as blocking agent for 30 minute(s) · Concentration: 1.2%
    Read More
    The reviewer received a reward from Abcam’s Loyalty Program in thanks for submitting this Abreview and for helping the scientific community make better-informed decisions.

    DR. Gabriel Bidaux

    Verified customer

    投稿 Aug 21 2006

    Question

    Estimada ,
    Tras recibir su respuesta a mi pregunta, quisiera volver a pedirle si por favor podría mandarme la información del anticuerpo AB3243 que antes comercializaban. Se trata de un anticuerpo del que aun disponemos en el laboratorio y seguimos usando, por lo que agradecería me enviaran la información detallada del mismo.
    De los anticuerpos recomendados, no se especifica que sea específico para TRPM8 humano, podría confirmármelo?
    Muchas gracias

    Read More

    Abcam community

    Verified customer

    Asked on Jun 11 2012

    Answer

    Gracias por contactarnos, le pido disculpas por la espera.

    Adjunto al email la datasheet del producto descatalogado ab3243. Al no estar disponible no tengo acceso a la datasheet en formato pdf, por lo que la envío copiada en un documento Word, siento los inconvenientes.

    También le envío el enlace a la búsqueda llevada a cabo de anticuerpos anti TRPM8 humano en WB y IHC (Fr/P).

    https://www.abcam.com/index.html?pageconfig=searchresults&search=TRPM8&pt=1&sk=app&sv=74&sn=IHC-P&l=4&fViewMore=1

    Si necesitara más información acerca de cualquiera de los productos identificados, un presupuesto o tuviera cualquier otra consulta, por favor, no dude en volvernos a contactar.

    Read More

    Abcam Scientific Support

    Answered on Jun 11 2012

    Question

    What was the protocol used to test ab3243 in IHC?

    Read More

    Abcam community

    Verified customer

    Asked on Oct 26 2011

    Answer

    Thank you for contacting Abcam. Please find the protocol used to test ab3243 in IHC below. If there is anything else I can help you with, please let me know.

    Read More

    Abcam Scientific Support

    Answered on Oct 26 2011

    Question

    BATCH NUMBER -- NOT SPECIFIED -- ORDER NUMBER -- NOT SPECIFIED -- DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM For the TRPM8 a size of about 130 kDa is predicted for human and also rat protein. However Xiao-Ru Yang et al found a band at 250 kDa as TRPM8 (see attachment). What do you think about these data and which size do you predict? I already tried tongue and bladder of rat as positive control. Unfortunately I find several unspecific bands. Does abcam provide an adequate positive control in order to find out it the signal comes at 250 or 130 kDa? Thank you very much for your help. SAMPLE Rat, adrenal medulla, ductus deferens PRIMARY ANTIBODY Abcam Anti TRPM8 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONTROLS USED Positive control: tongue, bladder of rat ANTIBODY STORAGE CONDITIONS -20°C dissolved in BSA/TBST/NaN3 --> 4°C SAMPLE PREPARATION Preparation with TRIS/SDS, heating at 95°C, 5 min. Then loading buffer plus protein again heated at 95°C for 5 min. AMOUNT OF PROTEIN LOADED 70 µg ELECTROPHORESIS/GEL CONDITIONS 30:0,8 Acrylamide 8% TRANSFER AND BLOCKING CONDITIONS Blocking agent:5% milk/TBST (BSA not yet tryed) overnight SECONDARY ANTIBODY non Abcam, Peroxidase-conjugated Goat AntiRabbit

    Read More

    Abcam community

    Verified customer

    Asked on Aug 07 2007

    Answer

    Thank you for your enquiry. I am sorry to hear that you are experiencing difficulties with this product ab3243 in western blot. Often it is possible to make suggestions that help resolve problems. We will happily offer technical support and in the event that a product is not functioning in the applications cited on the product data sheet (and the problem has been reported within 120 days of purchase), and if it appears that the antibody is at fault, a replacement/credit note/refund will be offered. I can confirm that our laboratory tested this antibody with transfected Cos cell lysate in western blotting and managed to obtain a band at around 130kDa. Unfortunately, I am unable to retrieve any further protocol information (amount of protein loaded, etc.) and therefore, the image is not suitable for use on our datasheet. I have attached a copy of the image for your reference only. I am unsure of the exact protocols used by Yang et al 2006, but please rest assured that we guarantee our products to perform well in species and applications as stated on the datasheet. If you would like some technical support, I have looked through the protocols you used and have a few questions and suggestions that might help you resolve the problem. In most cases, the cause of multiple bands is because the primary and/or secondary antibody concentration is too high and causes non-specific binding. What was the dilution that you used? The dilution that we have on the datasheet is a recommended starting dilution and customers are encouraged to determine the optimal concentration/dilution. You can try decreasing the primary (1:2000 ~ 1:5000) and secondary antibody concentration or run a no-primary control (without the primary antibody). Running a no-primary control will be able to eliminate the possibility that your secondary antibody is binding non-specifically. Another possible cause of non-specific bands is that the amount of protein is too much. We normally recommend using 20-40 micrograms per well. Please try this amount if you have not already done so. What are the band sizes you obtained? The bands located above the expected molecular weight band could be multimers. Please try boiling your protein in SDS-PAGE for 10 minutes rather than 5 minutes to ensure proper disruption of multimers. Meanwhile, bands located below the expected molecular weight may indicate that your target protein has been digested. Please make sure that you incorporated sufficient protease inhibitors and have kept your samples on ice the whole time. Increasing the washing frequency and duration would also help eliminate non-specific bands. Can you confirm that you have used Tween in your washing solution and have washed at least 15min x 3 times? I hope the above recommendations may already help you, if you still experience problems please do not hesitate to contact me with the answers to the above questions and an image of the blot if possible. I would also appreciate if you could also provide details of your order (purchase order number, shipping address/purchasing agent info, contact information, etc.) so that I can immediately arrange for a replacement or refund to you. Also, please advice on how you would to proceed with this enquiry. I look forward to hearing from you again in order to resolve the matter.

    Read More

    Abcam Scientific Support

    Answered on Aug 07 2007

    Question

    I followed your suggestions to perform western blot by using 3% BSA for blocking overnight and washing with TBST (0.1% Tween 20). Please find the Attached file that shows the result of western blot. The adjustment of the experiment condictions did not improve my results much.

    Read More

    Abcam community

    Verified customer

    Asked on Feb 07 2007

    Answer

    Thank you for your e-mail to Hugh who is away today. I'm very sorry to hear you are still experiencing lots of non specific bands with ab3243 even after the protocol modifications. I would be happy to offer you a replacement vial or refund if you purchased the antibody in the last 3 months. Can you please confirm your order details and what you would prefer? I look forward to hearing from you to arrange this,

    Read More

    Abcam Scientific Support

    Answered on Feb 08 2007

    Question

    Enclosed please find the western blot result by using ab3243. The exprimental condictions are as follows: 1. Loading total protein 40ug/lane in 9% separation SDS-PAGE gel (The second lane: bladder, as my postive control). 2. transfer to PVDF membrane (Millpore immobilon-FL), 47 Volt for 60 min. 3. blocking: 5% skim milk in TBST (0.05% Tween 20) 4. primary antibody: ab3243 (lot: 237021) by using 0.1ug/ml as final concentration at 4oC overnight. 5. secondary antibody: goat anti-rabbit HRP (Pierce) 1:2500 dilution at room temperature for 1 hour. 6. ECL: Supersignal west Pico Chemiluminescent (Pierce 34080)

    Read More

    Abcam community

    Verified customer

    Asked on Jan 26 2007

    Answer

    Thank you for your enquiry. I am sorry to hear that you have been having difficulties with this antibody. I have read your technical questionaire and I have a few comments. We have details of this antibody applied by IHC from customer feedback, but not western blotting. You are obtaining an alarming number of extraneous bands. I would like to recommend that in order to obtain more specific results that you use 3% BSA as a blocking agent. This is routinely employed by our lab team. I would also like to recommend that you increase the percentage of Tween 20 to 0.1% in an effort to address the non-specific nature of this antibody. I would also like to recommend that you perform an overnight block of your membrane using this agent. If this does not improve your results please get back in touch with me and I am happy to provide you with a replacement antibody or credit against your purchase provided that you purchased this antibody within the past 90 days.

    Read More

    Abcam Scientific Support

    Answered on Jan 31 2007

    1-10 of 20 Abreviews or Q&A

    •  戻る
    • 1
    • 2
    • 次へ 

    Please note: All products are "FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. NOT FOR USE IN DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES"
    For licensing inquiries, please contact partnerships@abcam.com

    技術情報や製品情報をメールで受け取る 登録
    製品・研究分野別
    • 癌
    • 循環器
    • 細胞生物学
    • 発生
    • エピジェネティクス&核内情報
    • 免疫学
    • メタボリズム
    • 感染症
    • ニューロサイエンス
    • シグナル伝達
    • ステムセル
    製品・タイプ別
    • 一次抗体
    • 二次抗体
    • バイオケミカルズ
    • アイソタイプ・コントロール
    • マルチカラー・セレクター
    • キット
    • ローディング・コントロール
    • ライゼート
    • ペプチド
    • タンパク質
    • スライド
    • タグ抗体・細胞マーカー
    • その他試薬
    サービス&サポート
    • サポート
    • よくあるお問い合わせ
    • プロトコール&トラブルシュート
    • ご購入に関して
    • お問い合わせフォーム
    • トレーニング
    • ターゲット別に見る
    アブカムについて
    • 企業ウェブサイト
    • 投資家の皆様へ
    • 企業情報
    • 採用情報
    • アブカムについて
    イベント
    • 展示会
    • カンファレンス
    International websites
    • abcam.com
    • abcam.cn

    Join with us

    • LinkedIn
    • facebook
    • Twitter
    • YouTube
    • Terms of sale
    • Website terms of use
    • Cookie policy
    • Privacy policy
    • Legal
    © 1998-2023 Abcam plc. All rights reserved.